Guide to Harvard Referencing
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Contents:
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What is Harvard Referencing?
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Citations
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References
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Bibliography
​1. What is Harvard Referencing?
Harvard referencing is a convention used by most UK universities, it allows for the writer/author of research-based work to acknowledge the original source of information. By acknowledging the original source of information it allows the reader to identify where and when the information comes from, makes it clear that it is not an original idea and thus, ensures that an assessor, for example, will not have any reason to believe that you are plagiarising somebody else’s hard work.
A variety of sources can be referenced within academic and research based work, such as books, websites, CD’s, images, videos and journals. Information sources can even range to newspapers, flyers, recorded interviews, government reports and patents. Utilising the largest possible range of sources can deepen understanding of a topic and assist you in deciding which information is relevant and credible. Equally it will enable you to show the reader or assessor of your work that your research has been far reaching and you have considered many different arguments or perspectives.
​2. Citations
Citing is the practice of making reference to a source within the text itself. You do not need to include the full details of a reference within the text, however, you must indicate the authors surname and the publication date. This system does not vary for differing types of sources, although, for sources with a range of pages i.e. books and journals, you should include the page number or range of page numbers.
Some key things to remember:
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Direct quotes should be placed within speech marks e.g. “abcdefg”
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Direct quotes below 50 words do not go towards word count, thus, words that go over 50 in large quotes should go towards word count.
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In text citations go towards word count.
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Aim to avoid the excessive use of quotes, as they do not showcase your understanding of a topic try to paraphrase instead where possible.
Some examples of in text citations:
Direct Quote –
“An effective marketing campaign is important” (Smith, 2006)
Paraphrased without mention of the authors surname in the text – Balance should be utilised to highlight key features within a mix (Smith, 2006)
Paraphrased with mention of the authors surname in the text –
Smith suggests that balance should be utilised to highlight key features within a mix (2006)
Some examples of in text citations from sources with page numbers: Direct Quote –
“An effective marketing campaign is important” (Smith, 2006, p. 11)
Paraphrased without mention of the authors surname in the text –
Balance should be utilised to highlight key features within a mix (Smith, 2006, p.100-101)
Paraphrased with mention of the authors surname in the text –
Smith suggests that balance should be utilised to highlight key features within a mix (2006, p. 100-101)
An examples of an in text citation from a source with two authors:
Direct Quote –
“Structure vastly differs from genre to genre” (Jones and Simons, 2010, p. 25)
*Note that the first author listed for the source goes first in the citation*
An example of an in text citation from a source with three authors:
Direct Quote –
“Velocity layers can be utilised to effectively create a more natural and humanised performance within sequencing software such as, Logic Pro X” (Carter, Davies and Edwards, 2012).
*Note that the first author listed for the source goes first in the citation* Paraphrased with mention of the authors surname in the text –
Munroe, Carter and Davies comment on the use of velocity layers to provide a more natural
sequenced performance (2012)
An example of an in text citation from a source with four or more authors:
Direct Quote –
“Acoustic guitar can be utilised as a percussive instrument” (Munroe et al, 2012).
*Note that the first author listed for the source goes first in the citation* Paraphrased with mention of the authors surname in the text –
Munroe et al claim that acoustic guitar can be utilised as a percussive instrument (2012)
An example of an audio or video in text citation where you would like to direct the reader to a particular point in the performance:
Direct Quote –
“This is highlighted in Cobain’s fierce vocal” (Nirvana, 1992, 00:45-01:02).
An example of an in text citation for a table or image you have created yourself and have placed either below a paragraph of text or within an appendix:
A table or image below some text –
This is shown within the data (See Fig. 1 below)
A table or image below within the appendices – This is shown within the data (Refer to Appendix 1)
*Note that Fig (Figures) and Appendices should be labelled in the order they are mentioned within the text, for example, the third figure should be referred to as – Fig. 3 and the third appendix should be referred to as - Appendix 3*
Examples of other types of citations you may need to utilise:
Secondary referencing i. e. Sources found within other sources – (Daniels, 2004, cited in Jacobs, 2016, p. 4)
*Note that only the source that you have read from should be included in the reference list*
Sources with no author –
Use the title of the work - (Performance Techniques, 2016) Sources with no date – (Harris, n.d)
*Note that sources with no obvious author or date are not likely to be credible*
3. References
References are listed at the end of your written document; this is your opportunity to offer the full information for any supporting sources you have used within the text. The way in which different types of sources are listed can differ slightly, however, all typically include information such as, Author surname and initials, year of publication, name of publication and name of publisher.
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References must be listed in alphabetical order, using the first initial of the author’s surname to alphabetise.
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When two authors share a name, order the reference with the earlier publication year first.
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When referencing the same source twice, use an a,b,c coding system
Below are examples and formats appropriate to utilise for referencing the common sources you will use within your research.
Audio CDs:
Jeff Buckley (1994) Eternal Life [CD] U.S: Columbia.
Artist (year) Track name [CD] Country of Origin: Record Label. Books:
Case, A. U. (2002) Mix Smart: Pro Audio Tips For Your Multitrack Mix. Oxford: Elsevier. Surname, first initial. second initial. (year) Title: Subtitle. Place of publisher: Publisher.
Books with two authors:
Hodgson, J. and Moore, A. (2010) Understanding Records: A Field Guide To Recording Practice. London: The Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd.
Books with three authors:
Hodgson, J., Philips, C and Moore, A. (2010) Understanding Records: A Field Guide To Recording Practice. London: The Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd.
Books with four or more authors:
Hodgson, J. et al. (2010) Understanding Records: A Field Guide To Recording Practice. London: The Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd.
Books that are not the first edition:
Owsinski, B. (2006) The Mixing Engineers Handbook. 2nd edn. Boston: ArtistPro Publishing.
*Use 2nd edn, 3rd edn, 4th edn and so on* Digital Images:
Dodangoda, R. (2014) Photo Gallery. Available at: http://romeshdodangoda.weebly.com/photo-gallery.html (Accessed 11 April 2014).
Surname, initial. (year) Title of image. Available at: URL link (Accessed Day Month Year).
DVDs:
Classic Albums: The Making Of The Dark Side Of The Moon (2003) Directed by Matthew Longfellow [DVD] UK: Eagle Rock Entertainment Ltd
Title: Subtitle (year) Directed by name and surname [DVD] Country of Origin: Film Studio or Maker
Email Correspondence:
Brauer, M. earsounds@aol.com, (2013) MIXING, [email] Message to A, Hardy (ahardy@camre.ac.uk), Sent Thursday 24 October 2013, 13.25, Available at:
https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?pli=1#label/Dissertation/141dc952261055b9 [Accessed 24
October 2013].
Surname, Initial. Sender email address, (year) Email subject, [email] Message to Recipient initial, Recipient surname (Recipient email address), Sent Day Date Month Year, Hour.Minute, Available at: URL Link [Accessed Day Month Year].
Internet References:
Audient. (2014) Audient, Mixing into multiple Buses with Compression!. Available at: http://blog.audient.com/post/29328828590/multibus (Accessed 1 April 2014).
Author or Corporate Author. (year) Title. Available at: URL Link (Accessed Day Month Year).
Magazines and Journals:
Harris, J. (2005) ‘Thermionic Culture Vulture Distortion Unit’, Mix, 29, p. 102.
Newspaper Articles:
Surname, Initial. (year) ‘Title’, Journal/Magazine name, Volume number, page number. Parliamentary Acts:
Higher Education Act 2004. (c.8). London: HMSO.
Short title year (chapter. Number) Place of publication: Publisher.
Television and Radio References:
Sound City (2014) BBC 4, 31 January.
Programme name (year) Broadcast channel, Day Month.
You Tube References:
Pensado’s Place (2012) Pensado's Place #83: Mix Engineer Tom Elmhirst. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlZ3BOxg86k (Accessed: 24 March 2014).
Youtube Channel Name (year) Title of video: Subtitle of video. Available at: URL Link (Accessed: Day Month Year).
4. Bibliography
The Bibliography is an alternate list where you should include information for sources that have not been directly referenced but have been read to inform your thought process on a topic.
Formatting for each different source remains consistent with information that appears under the reference list.
Examples
https://fmp2021skyemedia.blogspot.com/
https://tjenkinsonlr.wixsite.com/fmp-blog/production
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